The Fuel Free Energy For The Future - 1485 Words

In the 1970’s, America faced a major energy crisis, but is America in the middle of another one without even knowing it. Replaced by the long lines at the gas pumps in the 1970’s is high costs of fuel and a driving thirst for even more oil, despite the high prices. Breaking this dependency on oil may be the only cure if America is going to solve its problems of obtaining a fossil fuel free energy for the future. In order to come up with a solution for the future, the current US energy situation, possible solutions, and where the future of the US energy is going without fossil fuels must be considered. Only then can America finally break free of its dependence on foreign oil. It has been no surprise that the US is dependent on oil, and†¦show more content†¦To make an honest assessment of the current oil issue in America, one must look at the facts. First, America cannot live without energy or the ability to transport supplies as well as personnel around. Second, America needs oil for manufacturing products, as plastics are one of the most used products in American’s daily lives. Third, there is a dependency issue and the country needs to head away from the fossil fuels as much as possible due to the damage they create to the environment. Plastics fill up landfills, they do not break down easily, and carbon fuel emissions cause damage to the atmosphere evident in things like acid rain and global warming. Fourth, the US is going to need more energy as the current population increases to meet the rising goals of the future. According to American Physical Society Physics, the energy use has decreased 32% from 1973 to current, due to the efficiency of appliances and other uses of energy. Technology does have the potential to assist in making a difference. (APSP, 1996). And fifth, the US economy is tied tightly to fossil fuels, and they do shape and change US policies with foreign nations. It was found that in 1995 the US used around 84% of its primary source for energy from fossil fuels, of that 40% was obtained from oil (APSP, 1996). It may be used cleaner than in the past, but it is still the main resource for power, and has been since the

The Army Standards - 1104 Words

The Army Standards The Army Standards Jimmie Leigh Simmons Dr. Tina M. Lamb Business Ethics 301 Abstract The Army is nothing like any other military worldwide. They set themselves apart from all other militaries. The standards are held to a higher level than most. I enjoy being in the Army. As a Noncommissioned officer we are charged to uphold the standard and in force the standards. We must groom soldiers to be a great product of the Army. There are measures we take into making a great soldier, to include moral foundations. The Army Values are strong basics for a foundation. In basic training they are taught the 7 values that can make or break you in the Army. Loyalty is to bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S.†¦show more content†¦Honor is a matter of carrying out, acting, and living the values of respect, duty, loyalty, selfless service, integrity and personal courage in everything you do. When you are in combat sometimes honor is all you can rely on. I am willing to die to keep my honor to my country and my family and my God. This is what distinguishes the United States Military apart from most countries military organizations. We put the honor of our country first and for most. The Army also instills integrity in each Soldier. Integrity Do what’s right, legally and morally. Integrity is a quality you develop by adhering to moral principles. It requires that you do and say nothing that deceives others. As your integrity grows, so does the trust others place in you. The more choices you make based on integrity, the more this highly prized value will affect your relationships with family and friends, and, finally, the fundamental acceptance of yourself. That takes a bigger person to do what is right at all times. Even when it is easier to take the easy left turn instead of the hard right turn. Personal Courage is a very big value that will get you through any obstacle you have whether it is a combat situation all the way to a non combat situation. Personal Courage is when you have the ability Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral). Personal courage has long been associated with our Army. With physicalShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Army Uniform Standards736 Words   |  3 PagesArmy Uniform Standards The presentation and appearance of the army military uniform are fundamental parts of each armed force unit. It can distinguish the responsibilities and jobs of the soldiers, teach self-discipline, show honor and achievements, however, uniforms acquire close attention in details. The uniforms have standards that must abide to the regulations. The uniform of the American army have gone through many transformations from the revolutionary war to present times. 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Thermodynamics Lab Free Essays

Abstract: This report will show the acquired understanding of the refrigeration cycle by using first and second laws of thermodynamics. In order to analyze this system several assumptions where made such like an isentropic process at the compressor an isenthalpic expansion in the throttling valve. Diagrams will be provided to depict these thermodynamic processes in addition to computing the heat transferred to the system and the work input to the compressor. We will write a custom essay sample on Thermodynamics Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now Table of Contents Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Table List †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Descriptions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Calculation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 Discussion. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Appendix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Objectives: The Refrigeration lab was conducted to gain a better understanding of the refrigeration cycle, Carnot cycle and to compare the ideal cycle. Also, determent the heat transfers by using the mass and energy balance. Introduction: The term â€Å"refrigeration† may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In other words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below temperature of its surroundings. In this lab 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (R-134a) was used as refrigerant. Since energy cannot be destroyed according to first law of thermodynamics. In a refrigerator, heat is virtually pumped from a lower temperature to a higher temperature. According to Clausius Statement of Second Law of Thermodynamics states that heat will not pass cold to hotter region without the aid of an external agency. Thus, process can only be performed with the aid of some external work. It is thus obvious that supply of power is regularly required to drive a refrigerator. Theoretically, a refrigerator is a reversed heat engine or a heat pump which pumps heat from a cold body and delivers it to a hot body. The substance, which works in a pump to extract heat from a cold body and to deliver it to a hot body, is known as refrigerant. Description of Refrigeration cycle description: Most commonly used refrigeration/heat pump cycle and involves the same four processes as a heat engine cycle but in the reverse order (i. e. evaporation – compression – condensation – expansion/throttling). Figure 1 gives a schematic representation of the four essential mechanical components in this cycle. Heat out 3 2 Condenser Throttle Work in Valve Evaporator Compressor 4 1 Heat in Figure 1: Refrigeration Cycle components Compressor: The compressor in a refrigeration system is essentially a pump. It is used to pump heat uphill from the cold side to the hot side of the system Condenser: The condenser or cooler consists of coils of pipe in which the high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant is cooled and condensed. Expansion valve: As the high-pressure high temperature liquid refrigerant passes the throttling valve seating, its pressure and temperature drop to that of the evaporator. The drop in temperature is changed liquid phase to a mixture of low-pressure and temperature liquid and vapour enter the evaporator without any change in enthalpy Evaporator: The purpose of the evaporator is to remove unwanted heat from the product, via the liquid refrigerant 3 2 4 1 Superheating Sub-cooling Critical Point Liquid Pressure Enthalpy 3 2 4 1 Superheating Sub-cooling Critical Point Liquid Pressure Enthalpy Figure 2: Refrigeration cycle on pressure – enthalpy diagram. In cycle the refrigerant vapour is compressed to a higher temperature and pressure (12). The compressed vapour is then condensed isobarically which results in heat rejection to the surroundings (23). The next step is the adiabatic throttling of the refrigerant to the low temperature and pressure (34). The final step is where the refrigerant is evaporated at low temperature and pressure, which results in the absorption of heat from its surroundings (41). Theory /Analysis: Figure 3 According to first law of thermodynamics energy (heat, work), cannot destroyed but energy changing from one form to another. ?H+? Ke+? Pe=? Q+? W (1) (Balmer, 2011) Where H=enthalpy, K=kinetic energy, P= potential energy, Q= heat and W= work. In order to simplify the calculation for the energy balance, the following assumptions were made: – Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible throughout the system So, ?H=? Q+? W – In a constant pressure for the condenser (work=0). The heat transfer of the condenser is the heat loss, in other words Q2-3 and is given by: Q2-3= m(h3-h2) – In a constant pressure for evaporator (work=0), he heat gain by the evaporator is equal to Q1-4 and is given by: Q4-1= m(h1-h4) – The work done by the compressor is the same as the work in the cycle and is given by: Q1-2= (h2-h1) – The power drawn by the compressor defined by the following equation: Power= Voltage ? Current ? Power Factor – Coefficient of performance is defined as: COP=Q4-1? Q2-3? -Q4-1 (2) (Balmer, 2011) -The heat transfer water can be calculated from the water flow rates and temperature changes using the following formula where Cp is specific heat capacity: Q= mCp ? T – Convective heat transfer occurs between the air and the refrigerant and this is can be calculated using the following: Qconv= hA (T? -TS) (3) (Balmer, 2011) Where to (h) is convective heat transfer coefficient =25, A= area Sample Calculations: mr=76mlmin ? 1L1000ml? 1m31000ml? 1 min60s= 0. 001505kgs mw, cond=11. 7Lhr? 1m31000L? 1 hr3600s =0. 00322kgs mw, evap=27. 5Lhr ? 1m31000L ? 1hr3600s=0. 00764kgs Q23, cond= 0. 001505kgs ? 83-300kJkg? 1000=-324. 5w Q14, evap= 0. 001505kgs? 260-83kJkg? 1000=266. w Qab, cond=0. 00322kgs? 4. 2kJkg. K ? 34. 9-16. 2K? 1000=253w Qcd, evap=0. 00764kgs? 4. 2kJkg. K ? 8. 4-16. 2K? 1000=-250. 2w W12 =-0. 001505kgs? 300-260kJkg? 1000= -60. 13w COPc=260-83kJkg300-260kJkg=4. 425 Pelectric compressor=228. 2V ? 0. 79A? 0. 75=135W Results: Heat transfer refrigerant| Heat transfer water| Q2-3 (W)| -326. 54| Q2-3(W)| 253. 07| Q3-4| 0| Q1-4 (W)| -250. 25| Q4-1 (W)| 266. 34| W1-2| -60. 129| COP| 4. 425| Area (m^2)| 0. 162| Q convective 2-3(w)| 8 7. 062| Q connective 4-1(w)| -41. 904| conv HTC of air (m^2*k)| 25| Total energy balance (w)| -12. 20984307| Carnot Refrigeration Cycle between to two pressure: Figure 4 A reversed Carnot cycle is shown on p-h diagrams in Figures respectively. The processes of the cycle are as follows: The refrigerant is compressed isentropically as shown by the curve 1-2 and 3-4 on p-h diagrams. During this process the T2 temperature of refrigerant decrees from. We know that during isentropic compression, no heat is absorbed or rejected. The refrigerant is now (compressed/ evaporated) isobarically (P2 = P3) and (P4=P3) as shown by the p-h. We know that the heat rejected in 2 to 3 and heat absorbed from 4 to 1. Result: Carnot cycle| kj/kg| h1| 278| h2| 300| h3| 118| h4| 83| COP| 8. 86| Ideal cycle: Fgure 5 A reversed ideal cycle is shown on p-h diagrams in Figures respectively. The processes of the cycle are as follows: Ideal cycle| h1| 250| h2| 275| h3| 100| h4| 100| COP| 6| The refrigerant is compressed isentropically as shown by the curve 1-2 . in the exit of the condenser the refrigerant is in a saturated liquid in curve 3-4 on p-h diagrams. After that refrigerant exit the evaporator in saturated vapour. In a isobarically process 4-1 as shown by the p-h Result: Discussion: It was seen in the refrigeration cycle; Carnot cycle and the Ideal cycle there are different coefficients of performance on refrigerant. If we look at COP formula the low heat is divided by the work in in this case where the refrigerant entered the compressor could significantly hinder the performance of this component by change (superheating). Also the refrigerant leaving the condenser will effect the COP (sup-cooling) . If we compare Carnot cycle to the actual cycle, in Carnot refrigerant super- heating has increased, which will increase the COP. In the other hand, in Ideal cycle the sub-cooling has decreased which the sub-cooling decrease the liquid during expansion to saturated liquid-vapour and increases the refrigerating performance, but by decreases the sub-heating in the evaporator exit from vapour to saturated vapour. Which in this case the COP decreased but it will be higher that the actual cycle. The heat transfer occur in the basic refrigeration cycle, by calculate the energy balance in the cycle. The sum of the energy will not be even close to zero and this violates the first law of thermodynamics. So, there is heat lost in the cycle according to the second law of thermodynamics, heat always flows from a material at a high temperature to a material at a low temperature. For heat to transfer there has to be a temperature difference between the two materials. This heat can be calculated by Convection is the transfer of heat from one place to a different location by circulating it with a fan or natural movement. Figure 6:Temperature vs. distance condenser Figure 7: Temperature vs. distance evaporator In figure 6 and 7 shows the heat exchange, in figure 6 the cold-water flow co-current with the hot refrigerant. With both entering the same end. This application will be useful to if we want a limited outlet temperature. It’s also useful to drop more quickly temperature because the large difference in the temperature. Where in figure 7 the hot-water flow countercurrent with the cold refrigerant the temperature is achievable by the cold stream can never exceed that of the hot steam. (Ulrich, 2004) Conclusion: This experiment was carried out in order to observe the properties and functions of a refrigeration cycle. With the properties of the refrigerant R134a at all the stages of the refrigeration cycle known, the heat transfer at the condenser and evaporator were calculated. The heat absorbed by the system (evaporator) was determined to be 16 w. The heat given off by the condenser was calculated to being -73. 46 w. The work done by the compressor was also calculated to being -60. 19 W. With this, the refrigeration performance of the cycle was calculated and was equal to 4. 42. Works Cited Balmer, R. T. (2011). Modren Engineering Themodynamics. Burlington, MA, USA: Acadimic Press. Richard M Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau. (2005). Elementary Preincipeles of Chemical Processes (Third ed. . Raleigh, NC: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Ulrich, G. D. (2004). Chemical Engineering Process Design and Economics. Durham, New Hampshire, USA: Process Publishing. Appendix: | bar| temp C| l/hr| kg/s| h (kj/kg)| Tatm| 18|   |   |   |   | High P| 9. 1|   |   |   |   | Low P| 3. 25| 3. 25|   |   |   | T2|   | 62. 1|   |   | 300| T3| à ‚  | 22. 7|   |   | 83| T1|   | 11. 7|   |   | 260| T4|   | 4|   |   |   | Water Tin|   | 16. 2|   |   |   | Water Cond T out|   | 34. 9|   |   |   | Water Evap T out|   | 8. 4|   |   |   | Ref Flow rate|   |   | 76| 0. 0015048|   | Water Con flow rate|   |   | 11. 6| 0. 003222222|   | Water evap flow rate|   |   | 27. 5| 0. 007638889|   | Voltage|   | How to cite Thermodynamics Lab, Papers Thermodynamics Lab Free Essays Mark powers Period 2 C physics March 17 Thermodynamics lab I. The purpose of this experiment is to keep a certain amount of water as hot as possible for as long as possible. We also get to use whatever materials we want as long as our product is or is smaller than 20cm. We will write a custom essay sample on Thermodynamics Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now II. For my project I used Styrofoam, tinfoil, insulation, silicone, and a cork. I used the Styrofoam as a box to put the can in and the Styrofoam also acts as a thermal insulation. I used the tin foil because it serves as an insulator and keeps the radiant heat inside the box. Next I used insulation, which does what its name is, it keeps whatever inside of it insulated or prevents convection. I used silicone to block off the holes from the Styrofoam to make a good box for the heat to stay in. finally I used a cork on the top of my can to have the smallest hole for the heat to escape it. III. For this experiment I used Styrofoam, tinfoil, insulation, silicone, and a cork. I also need a thermometer to measure the change in temperature of the water during the course of the experiment. IV. First I cut out Styrofoam to the appropriate lengths and made sure it wasn’t over the 20 cm limit. I then covered the Styrofoam with tin foil and sealed off all the cracks on the inside with silicone. After that I put insulation on the whole inside of the box with enough room to put the can in on the inside. I finally added a cork on the top of the can to make the smallest opening so that the heat had little room to escape to conclude my project. Time| Temperature (C °)| 0 minutes| | 20 minutes| | V. Data VI. 1. I think the most important type of the 3 types of energy transfer that we had to minimize was convection because convection is heat transfer via heating surrounding fluid and then the fluid moves. 2. The sun doesn’t heat us through convection or conduction because for heat to heat through conduction it need to be touching it and we don’t touch the sun, and for conduction is heat transfer via heating surrounding fluid and then the fluid moves but us humans are solids, not liquids. . Mammals that live in cold climates and cold water insulate themselves with their fur and being cold blooded. The mammals that don’t live in water use their fur as an insulator to keep their warm air inside them and keep the cold air outside, and the cold-water mammals usually are cold blooded so that their temperature doesn’t really change with the cold conditions that they are around all the time. VII. How to cite Thermodynamics Lab, Papers

Effect of Money and Other Rewards in Organization

Question: Discuss about theEffect of Money and Other Rewards in Organization. Answer: Introduction Rewards are one of the most effective options in motivating employees for their potential work in the organization (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). Moreover, a motivated employee is a valuable asset for organizations. However, it just does not include only monetary benefits, it rather include some other non-financial benefits. Moreover, rewards that are required to motivate employee include two types of benefits such as intrinsic and the extrinsic (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). Further, extrinsic benefits include basic salary package of the employee whereas intrinsic benefits include all the internal recognition given to an employee. Moreover, intrinsic reward may include internal recognition on some achievement, encouraging thoughts sharing with employees, distribution of awards for different achievements (Fang, Gerhart and Ledford Jr 2013). Nevertheless, these monetary and non-financial benefits can never guarantee of producing a flawless output from employees. Moreover, some employees a re not motivated for these monetary and non-financial benefits, as they tend to be in a state of stagnancy. In the present time, the organizational realities of the past do not find its existence across the globe. Moreover, the fundamental of organizational behaviour have taken a drastic shifting to the monetary benefits (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). It is an undeniable fact that majority of employees have their prime target set on the monetary benefits. They always look for a better salary offering. Moreover, a better salary offering creates a sense of importance in them towards the organization. However, once they step into the organization, the reality of their image appears in their performance. They tend to perform just for the sake of meeting with the set targets to avoid any sort of hampering to their monthly salary. However, few employees are there who have dedicated their effort in fulfilling the desire of the Company with no significant concern for the monetary benefits. Moreover, there primary target is to achieve the desired mission and vision of the organization. However, they are in rare number and the competition picture in the market very well illustrates the findings. In a particular segment of the market, there are only few notable giant companies. Further, not all the companies are performing at an equivalent level. The outright performance of some notable companies in the Smartphone sector clearly illustrates the findings. Various companies are offering Smartphones but only fey have notable position in the market. Nonetheless, IPhone, Samsung, Sony, LG, Motorola, HTC, Lenovo, and Nokia are the few names in this context. However, there are thousands of companies, which are manufacturing Smartphones but they have not succeeded in leaving any significant impression on the customers (Aguinis, Joo and Gottfredson 2013). Those who are leading companies, their employees have their primary target set on achieving the goal. Moreover, a quick scuffling of employees from one company to another does hamper the project and the objective of the organization (Eslami and Gharakhani 2012). However, it is not a deniable point that big companies such as Apple, Samsung and many more have lesser rate of attrition in their organization. It is an undeniable fact that effectiveness of skilled employees is likely to be affected if they are not motivated for their performance (Young, Beckman and Baker 2012). In this context, the Theory of Expectancy suggests that employees need to be motivated when they perceive the linkage of their performance with the monetary and the non-financial rewards (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). The Contingency Theory suggests that conflicts are inescapable, but it is manageable (Rajhans 2012). Nevertheless, this theory support the fact that conflicts in the organization in between the management and the employees for any valuable reason are unstoppable, it is rather bound to happen. Moreover, The Contingency Theory highlights one of the most basic problems, which an organization could face. However, the Theory of Expectancy tries to provide some effective solution from the organizational problem such as rewarding employees on their performance. There are some issues at the work place, which are conflicting with the fundamentals of organizational behaviours such as Employee issues, team problem and many more (Rajhans 2012). Nevertheless, rewarding employees on their performance by means of different intrinsic and extrinsic benefits has its relation with one of the issues highlighted in the organizational context (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). However, unfair behaviour in distributing incentives to the employees might hamper the entire team by encouraging them for a conflict in between the employees and the management (Dobre 2013). Having conversation with such employees might also not produce the desired objective as employees are sometime very confined and hesitate to reveal their inner truth in front of the management. Further, this indeed is not a very healthy move in favour of both the employee and its existing organization. However, the risen issues can be managed with some alternative ways and in this regard; rewarding e mployees for their performance represent the alternative step of the organization (Rajhans 2012). There are some other non-financial benefits, which might uplift the lost morale of employees such as rewarding them on their achievement with some congratulatory words, circulating a mail inside the organization for congratulating the identified achievement (Agwu 2013). However, this also has few limitations as different employees have different perception for benefits. To some the monetary benefit is everything but some are also there to whom the recognition in the organization matter the most. Nevertheless, all the monetary and the non-financial benefits can never guarantee of a motivated approach from employees (Erbasi and Arat 2012). Moreover, theses are important ways, which organization can opt for incepting motivation into employees. However, these are not the ultimate options for incepting motivation into employees. Examples of numerous Smartphone companies who are yet to prove their significant position in the market, do well illustrates the truth of financial and non-financ ial benefits in organizations. The potentiality of monetary benefits such as incentive has proved its supremacy in bringing the changes in physical output of many companies (Chiang and Birtch 2012). However, to identify the right person to reward with the incentives is of utmost requirement. Statistics on employees performance might vary with the real picture inside the organization as some employees have potential in them to prove their calibre but not aware of ways to explore the same (Newman and Sheikh 2012). Moreover, to identify the deserving employee for the monetary benefits is of utmost importance for an organizational success. It is indeed very tough to identify those potential employees and find the best suitable ways to motivate them. Further, incentives are given on performance basis and those employees are yet to deliver their productivity. This is a challenging task for the management to find out the best possible solution to reward unidentified potential employees and fetch the potential contributio n from them (Byron and Khazanchi 2012). A recent example on the output of the incentive payment to the employees very well justify the fact that monetary benefits can never alone motivate employees for their responsibilities. In California and New Jersey, 38 customers visited to the 27 Sears repair shops, which produced 34 cases of unnecessary repairs. Moreover, the chairperson of the Sears stated that the incentives and sales goal oriented programs developed such an environment, which gave birth to mistakes. Moreover, it resulted in such a huge fault repairing service given to customers. The repair shop employees have been awarded with incentives for producing strong repairs to customers. As a result, for the instance, the chairperson of the Sears Company changed its incentive modes to the quality employees. Moreover, from now onwards, only the quality works would attract the defined incentives. The fact that incentives and bonuses work for the managers in the organization does not necessarily hold true in case of its emp loyees (Choi, Cheong and Feinberg 2012). Moreover, managers are very much aware of their task whereas employees because of their negligence for various reasons are not often close to the objective of the project. Various reasons that compel employees for their negligence behaviour in organization can be anything such as insufficient salary packages, no bonuses and other non-financial rewards (Malik, Butt and Choi 2015). Financial incentives play a significant role in motivating employees across organizations. However, relying heavily on the incentive program is not a safe and productive plan (Datta 2012). The heavily reliance on the money incentives given to employees may also lead to a consequence, which the Company had never imagined. The example of Google Company in this context is very valuable, which represents a clear picture about the correct execution of the motivational program. The Google Company is no longer distributing founder awards; they are rather confined to some executive awards. Designing the correct program for the incentives distribution is of utmost requirement (Cho and Perry 2012). Many small organizations do not have a plan to implement the incentive program in the best suitable way. Example of Sears company very well help in finding out the hidden part behind the incentive program. However, the incentive program cannot alone predict the success for the organizations. Quality production with sheer potential work from employees is of utmost requirement for an organization. It is rather more important than the monetary benefits. However, to ensure quality work from employees is a challenging task, which cannot just happen with some smaller events. It is rather a gradual development of strategic plan, which help the organization in achieving the desired quality production (Fang, Gerhart and Ledford Jr 2013). The theory of expectancy suggests that employees need to be motivated when they perceive the necessity of the same (Aktar, Sachu and Ali 2012). However, employees have different trends elated to the intrinsic and the extrinsic benefits in organization. Some employees are there to whom intrinsic benefits are more important than the monetary benefits. Moreover, these are managerial post, which is focussed on project rather than on monetary benefits only. However, in case of employees, monetary benefits keep the utmost significance. Further, it is an undeniable fact that money can never guarantee of a quality production as cited in the example of Sears Company, which gave incentives to its employees not for the quality production but for the repairing cases they handled (Ojo 2012). Moreover, an unanalysed step produced an unexpected result for the Sears Company in California and New Jersey. Moreover, this indeed give a solid support in favour the fact that monetary benefits cannot alone guarantee of quality performance in organization. The theory of expectance does not find a strong foothold in modern era of industries. Nevertheless, monetary benefits are a significant tool to motivate employees for exploring their potential skills. However, this has several limitations as depicted in the examples of the Sears and the Google Company. Both the companies had to change their mode of operations related to the employees motivation. The theory of expectancy does produce a picture, which can be a part of organizational practices in order to bring some improved performance but a heavily reliance on this, is not advisable (Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford 2014). Moreover, to ensure quality production, various other parameters are there that are more effective than the monetary benefits. Ensuring safety and security of employees, providing cooperative working environment and the management are some of the most effective ways that could improve the quality of production. Employees working in those countries, which are always at danger, are more susceptible to a conservative approach towards their work responsibilities (Linz and Semykina 2012). Moreover, they do not find a cooperative environment where they could actually justify their presence in the Company. The feeling of losing lives at any point in time has contributed in their less than potential performance in such countries. Countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, Taliban and many more have less number of foreign employees than the other parts of world. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, the Middle East Countries and many more have more offshore drives for jobs. This clearly gives a picture that the threat, which is underlying in countries such as Afghanistan, Syria, Taliban and many more, have caused as a retarding force to the offshore drives in the Country. Nevertheless, an employee participation in organization depend on various factors such as job satisfaction, coopera tive environment, good salary packages, cooperative management, financial and non-financial benefits and many more (Amah and Ahiauzu 2013). Moreover, this is not dependent on a single factor, which produces a strong supportive evidence in favour of the fact that monetary benefits cannot alone guarantee for a quality production. Monetary and other financial benefits given to employees are important as they add probability to the production of some notable performance in organizations. However, these benefits are less important than other benefits such as safe and secure working environment, cooperative work environment and the management. Moreover, safety is the first requirement, which comes into picture by the time when employees are incepted in organization. Further, a safe and secure environment constructs supportive perspectives of employees towards the organization. Moreover, this help in winning employees faith on the organization. Nevertheless, in association to this, the cooperative working environment and the management do produce an effective result in the organizational performance. Monetary and other financial benefits can never ensure the potential output from employees. On contrary to this, it can only produce some significant differences in the organizational performances. Further, relying he avily on the monetary benefits might also hamper the organizational performance as it is revealed from the example of the Sears and the Google Company. The Sears Company suffered a lot due to throwing incentives on large number of selling. It eventually produced not less than 34 cases of repairs across its various repairing shops in California and New Jersey. The removal of founder award with the executive award does produce the conservative approach of the Google Company towards the monetary and other financial rewards. Nevertheless, monetary and other financial rewards are the part of an organizational fundamentals but it has its own limitations, which can never be denied. Some part of recommendation is for the application of expectancy theory in the present organizational practices. Moreover, relying heavily on the monetary benefits is not advisable rather it needs to be a part of organizational fundamentals. It needs to be executed as per a proper plan to achieve the maximum result. Nevertheless, following the footsteps of the Sears Company, organizations can achieve better results with monetary benefits. Further, the inception of The Contingency Theory in the organization is best preferred for the fact that problems are acceptable but these are also manageable. Moreover, management need to analyse their performer who have contributed in the improved performance of the organization. Further, they need to maintain a balance in between all the team members. Employees should be rewarded based on their performance with various intrinsic and extrinsic benefits. However, unfair distribution of incentives should not be in the practice and to achieve this, a transparent management is of utmost requirement. Moreover, a transparent management would maintain balance behaviour in between the employees. Nevertheless, a careful observation of employees performance is of utmost importance to the present organizational fundamentals. References Aguinis, H., Joo, H. and Gottfredson, R.K., 2013. What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money.Business Horizons,56(2), pp.241-249. Agwu, M.O., 2013. Impact of fair reward system on employees? job performance in Nigerian Agip Oil Company Limited, Port Harcourt.British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioral Science,3(1), pp.47-64. Aktar, S., Sachu, M.K. and Ali, M.E., 2012. The impact of rewards on employee performance in commercial banks of Bangladesh: an empirical study.IOSR Journal of Business and Management,6(2), pp.9-15. Amah, E. and Ahiauzu, A., 2013. Employee involvement and organizational effectiveness.Journal of Management Development,32(7), pp.661-674. Byron, K. and Khazanchi, S., 2012. Rewards and creative performance: a meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), p.980. Chiang, F.F. and Birtch, T.A., 2012. The performance implications of financial and non?financial rewards: an Asian nordic comparison.Journal of Management Studies,49(3), pp.538-570. Cho, Y.J. and Perry, J.L., 2012. Intrinsic motivation and employee attitudes: Role of managerial trustworthiness, goal directedness, and extrinsic reward expectancy.Review of Public Personnel Administration,32(4), pp.382-406. Choi, S., Cheong, K. and Feinberg, R.A., 2012. Moderating effects of supervisor support, monetary rewards, and career paths on the relationship between job burnout and turnover intentions in the context of call centers.Managing Service Quality: An International Journal,22(5), pp.492-516. Datta, P., 2012. An applied organizational rewards distribution system.Management Decision,50(3), pp.479-501. Dobre, O.I., 2013. Employee motivation and organizational performance.Journal of Management and Socio-Economic, (1). Erbasi, A. and Arat, T., 2012. The effect of financial and non-financial incentives on job satisfaction: An examination of food chain premises in Turkey.International Business Research,5(10), p.136. Eslami, J. and Gharakhani, D., 2012. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction.ARPN Journal of Science and Technology,2(2), pp.85-91. Fang, M., Gerhart, B. and Ledford Jr, G.E., 2013. Negative effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation: more smoke than fire.World at work journal,22(2), pp.17-29. Linz, S.J. and Semykina, A., 2012. What makes workers happy? Anticipated rewards and job satisfaction.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,51(4), pp.811-844. Malik, M.A.R., Butt, A.N. and Choi, J.N., 2015. Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self?efficacy, reward importance, and locus of control.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(1), pp.59-74. Newman, A. and Sheikh, A.Z., 2012. Organizational rewards and employee commitment: a Chinese study.Journal of Managerial Psychology,27(1), pp.71-89. Ojo, O., 2012. Influence of organizational culture on employee work behavior.International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies,3(11), pp.46-57. Rajhans, K., 2012. Effective organizational communication: A key to employee motivation and performance.Interscience Management Review,2(2), pp.81-85. Young, G.J., Beckman, H. and Baker, E., 2012. Financial incentives, professional values and performance: A study of pay?for?performance in a professional organization.Journal of Organizational Behavior,33(7), pp.964-983.

ANIMAL SUFFERING LEARNING NOT TO CARE AND NOT TO Essays

ANIMAL SUFFERING: LEARNING NOT TO CARE AND NOT TO KNOW (Evaluation) SHAWNTIL COTTON POST UNIVERSITY William Crain wrote the article Animal suffering: Learning not to care and not to know. William Crain, a professor of psychology at the City College of New York, has written a controversial book, a clear polemic against mistreatment of animals. In his mid-30s, Mr. Crain became a vegetarian. He knew little, then, about the horror of meat animals on factory farms. In the article he addresses the issue that humans have created in raising their children and the process of killing animals for meat. The topic of killing animals, even for food, is always in debate and have been for years even decades . It becomes very evident that even at a young age that children have had a strong love for animals. In a specific 1999 study performed by Psychologist David Foulkes, it was found that kids under the age of seven tend to dream about animals, in one way or another. The author reflects on the issue of animal welfare in the U.S. He discusses various issues that demonstrate that Americans did not show any concern about animals including the survey that revealed that only few Americans followed a vegetarian diet for the reason of animal welfare. He believes that it is possible to have a rise in animal consciousness if majority of American adults are provided with information about animal sufferings.( William Crain) The author wanted to inform the readers about the constant battle for animal rights. The constant abuse and neglect of animals and how they are being ignored. The author is also putting the information out there in hopes that the people would wake up and realize just how much animals are entitled to their right as humans. He also want the problem at hand to be noticed and something to be did about the issue. It is also a philosophy an important one for animal rights. William Crain wrote the article Animal suffering Learn not to care and not to know. William is not an expert at Animal Rights he is actually an expert in child behavior not Animal Rights. The article was wrote June 1,2009. The evidence from the article is not reliable today. It can be with better control on Animal Farms, then the situation will be less severe today. The presentation of the of the article on the purpose and the main point shows that the main point of the artcle was to help inform citizens that are sleeping on the fact that animals are indeed suffering from many different ways of harming them for self-satisfaction. But, at the same time the article is not showing much interest in animals it discuss more of the aspect from a child's view point. With social media the knowledge of animal suffering is much higher now than ever before. Raising processing and selling of meat products is a large part of our economy. Animals are feed grain products which is also a large part of our economy and culture. Due to the ages of these children, according to the author ( Crain, William) these decisions are highly irrational, but require parents to set aside hours of their time to talk to their kids about not being a vegetarian. Animals and people struggle every day to live among each other in peace together, and young children dream of a harmless world.There is not enough research on how children react to decisions made by adults with respect to animals. growing up and living life allows for children to enter into the transformation from being a caring child and wanting to help the situation at hand to a detached adult who does not care about the fact that animals have suffered in order for them to have their source of protein. This transformation is crucial to understand due to the practices and lifestyles foll owed by the human race. a study was conducted to determine the average amount of understanding that adults on the issues that factory farms encounter. The study conducted by Psychologist David Foulkes showed that an extreme majority had nonexistent knowledge of factory farms and their problems. Despite this being an informal survey, it

3 Parallel-Structure Problems

3 Parallel-Structure Problems 3 Parallel-Structure Problems 3 Parallel-Structure Problems By Mark Nichol Each of the following sentences has an organizational flaw. A discussion of each is followed by a suggested revision. 1. People who are successful at careers in fashion design are hardworking, detail oriented, and love apparel. Each of the three qualities of successful fashion designers must be preceded by a verb, or they all must share one- or the first two must be connected by a conjunction in order to share one. Here, hardworking is supported by are and apparel follows love, but â€Å"detail oriented† is orphaned. The sentence must be restructured so that â€Å"detail oriented† shares are with hardworking: â€Å"People who are successful at careers in fashion design are hard working and detail oriented and love apparel.† (â€Å"People who are successful at careers in fashion design are hard working, are detail oriented, and love apparel† is also correct, but the first two qualities are closely related as terms that refer to aptitudes as opposed to the attitudinal quality of an interest in attire, so sharing of a conjunction seems more appropriate.) 2. Gluten has been blamed for everything from weight gain, bloating to mood issues such as depression. A list of factors must be organized as a list or a spectrum, but this sentence, although it is constructed to express a range of several factors, mixes the approaches. For consistency, the factors should be separated by prepositions only, without punctuation: â€Å"Gluten has been blamed for everything from weight gain to bloating to mood issues such as depression.† 3. Site users can be matched by location, gender, age, sexual orientation, and they’re encouraged to post a photo and personal description. The independent clause that follows the conjunction and is not part of the list in the preceding independent clause, which requires and before the final item in that list: â€Å"Site users can be matched by location, gender, age, and sexual orientation, and they’re encouraged to post a photo and personal description.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1English Grammar 101: Verb MoodPredicate Complements

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Slingshot Video Reflection Assignment - Essay Example Drag racing are not only fun to watch but also more engaging when one take it seriously from a mere spectator to a participant. I may not be a drag racer myself but I have been to one of the races and I can relate to the adrenaline and â€Å"high† that the racers could feel in drag racing. Our need for speed will always be there and this fascination for speed was the motivation of the growth of drag racing from a mere small number of slingshot dragsters to a major grandstand spectator event with all the sponsors and media exposure. Drag racing however did not start as big as it is now. Upon watching the video, it only had approximately 300 spectators with a meager price of $10. I was not however surprised with its humble beginning. Reflecting on it, almost all sports and endeavors started small and this includes drag racing which started from its slingshot beginnings. With the commitment of its early organizers such as Bob Joehnuch and the support of its spectators, the sport eventually grow to become a major grand spectator event. Its history as it unfolded in the video took a regular course of having the fascination with cars fueled by the strong economy of the United States after the Second World War where enthusiasts had the money to customize high speed cars which were still slingshot cars during that time. And just like any sports, spectator or hobbyist magazines that recorded outstanding came out that supported the sport. And to make the sport mainstream and acceptable to everybody, regulating bodies we re organized such as the 1951 National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) that provided the guidelines of safety for drag racing making the sport acceptable to all and eventually grow to become a grandstand spectator event not only in its country of origin in the United States but also elsewhere in the world. Thinking about it, there was really nothing extraordinary about the history of drag racing from its slingshot origin to its present state. In

Jazz History-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jazz History-1 - Essay Example As a drummer myself, I can attest to the difficulty of creating unique ways of rhythm within a song. Max Roach’s style of drumming was visibly influenced by the style of Kenny Clarke, an early bebop drummer at Milton’s Playhouse. However, even though Clarke’s style was certainly innovative, Roach made a few changes to the method. Roach made bebop drumming more melodic and more polyrhythmic (Larson 133). In the 1940s, the jazz scene was changing in the wake of the War. Bebop had officially begun in New York, centered around Milton’s Playhouse, where Kenny Clarke was already playing when Max Roach began. Rather than keeping time with the bass drum, as was traditional at the time for swing drummers, Roach switched to time-keeping on the ride cymbal. This had the effect of making songs seem lighter and more propulsive. In addition, Roach freed his hands for more extravagant rhythms that ultimately defined his style as a bebop drummer (Mathieson 126-9). During the 1940s, Roach played with a number of the most recognizable names in the bebop scene. Most notably, he played in the Parker/Gillespie quintet in 1944 and in the Parker/Davis quintet in 1947. This brought Roach the fame and recognition he deserved, keeping rhythms and times for world-renowned trumpeters. But even as conventional bebop declined in popularity coming into the 1950s, Roach co-led a quintet named after him and Clifford Brown, forming one of the most noteworthy hard bop groups of the decade, incorporating such names as Sonny Rollins and Sonny Stitt between 1953 and 1956 (Larson 133). Roach’s influence would live on in his recordings which still influence countless drummers to this day. A more critical look at Roach’s biography reveals a number of interesting musical influences on his style. By 10, the young Roach was drumming in gospel bands, and, immediately after graduating from high school, he was already playing

Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay

Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay Introduction of Industry As we know that the ministry of commerce and Industry is the most important organ concerned with the promotion and regulation of foreign trade in India. The Ministry has an elaborate organizational set up to look after the various aspects of trade. Its two important offices concerned with trade are the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS). DGFT is responsible for implementing the Foreign Trade Policy/Exim Policy with the main objective of promoting Indian exports. It also issues licenses to exporters and monitors their corresponding obligations through a network of regional offices. DGCIS is entrusted with the work of collecting, compiling and publishing/ disseminating trade statistics and various types of commercial information required by the policy makers, researchers, importers, exporters, traders as well as overseas buyers. Directorate of Industries Commerce is charged with the responsibilities of facilitating industrial growth in the country by providing funding for Infrastructure in the form of industrial estates, incentives for capital Investment and other subsidies. It provides the entrepreneur, power, land and water, besides sanction of fiscal incentives. Foreign trade has played a crucial role in Indias economy growth. The composition and direction of Indias foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, particularly, after the liberalization process which began in the early 1990s. Our major exports now includes manufacturing goods such as Engineering Goods, Petroleum Products, Chemicals Related Products, Gems Jewellery, Textiles, Electronic Goods, etc. which constitute over 80 per cent of our export basket. On the other hand, major import items constitute capital goods and intermediates which not only support the manufacturing sector but also supply raw-materials for the export oriented units. Over the years, Indias trade with countries of Asia ASEAN and Africa has gone up substantially. Apart from that, India is now a major player in global trading system and all the major sectors of Indian economy are linked to world outside either directly or indirectly through international trade. Introduction of Topic Exim Bank (India) Exim Bank (full name: The Export-Import Bank of India) is an Indian government-owned financial institution for the public sector created by an Act of the Parliament of India: the Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981. Exim Bank is managed by a Board of Directors, which has representatives from the Government, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC), a financial institution, public sector banks, and the business community. The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (eous), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfeiting, etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented smes. The group handles credit proposals from smes under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Corporate Affairs. Service Category Government to Business (G2B) Service Title Export Import Data Bank Service State/Ministry Ministry of Commerce and Industry Service Description One will get the Trade statistics both import and export details Service Language English Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Anand Sharma It is set up by an act of parliament in September 1981 Wholly owned by government of india Commenced operations in march 1982 Apex financial institution Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for providing financial assistance to exporters and importers, and for functioning as the principal financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the countrys international tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ shall act on business principles with due regard to public interest Exim Policy Facilities The existing export promotion schemes such as Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme, Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme, Scheme for Gems and Jewellery Exports, EHTP and SEZ Schemes have been further strengthened and simplified. The various relaxations provided under the above Schemes are given below Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG) Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme Gems and Jewellery Exports Special Economic Zones Electronic Hardware Technology Parks Other Facilities Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Projects Strategic Package for Status Holders Neutralizing high fuel costs Diversification of markets North Eastern States, Sikkim and Jammu Kashmir Re-location of industries Reduction in transaction time cost BANKS FUNCTIONS The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfaiting etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Agriculture Business Group, to spearhead the initiative to promote and support Agri-exports. The Group handles projects and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented SMEs. The group handles credit proposals from SMEs under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Indian companies, to enable them establish their products in overseas markets. Besides these, the Support Services groups, which include: Research Planning, Corporate Finance, Loan Recovery, Internal Audit, Management Information Services, Information Technology, Legal, Human Resources Management and Corporate affairs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Generally research is considered as an endeavor to arrive at the answer to intellectual and practical problem through the application of scientific method to the acknowledge universe. It is movement from known to unknown. My research based on the secondary resources. The data taken from the different websites (Indian govt.,Exim bank policy, Foreign trade). Review of Literature Indias export performance /April-august, 2004-05/ Nimmala Amharic- In this article that writer have a research on the topic of Indias export performance. And he found in his research that Indians foreign trade are increasing year by year in both respect of export and import. But total trade deficit is a big problem of Indian economy. And he also find in their research that some of the sector has grew in terms of export such as Automobiles, Gems Jewellery, and Textiles. OBJECTIVES To know the Role of EXIM Bank in the growth of Foreign Trade. To know the various services provided by the EXIM banks which support in foreign trade Data And Facts Total Trade of Exports and Imports over the Years in Crore Rupees Year Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Deficit 1990-91 32558 43193 75751 -10635 1991-92 44042 47851 91893 -3809 1992-93 53688 63375 117063 -9687 1993-94 69751 73101 142852 -3350 1994-95 82674 89971 172645 -7297 1995-96 106353 122678 229031 -16325 1996-97 118817 138920 257737 -20103 1997-98 130101 154176 284277 -24075 1998-99 139753 178332 318085 -38579 1999-2000 159561 215236 374797 -55675 2000-01 209018 230873 434444 -27302 2001-02 255137 245200 454218 -36182 2002-03 293367 297206 552343 -42069 2003-04 375340 359108 652475 -65741 2004-05 375340 501065 876405 -125725 2005-06 456483 635013 1091496 -178530 2006-07 571779 840506 1412286 -268727 2007-08 655864 1012312 1668176 -356448 2008-09(P) 766935 1385503 2072338 -538568 External Trade with Other Countries during 2007-08 and 2008-09 Region Exports (April-Feb) Imports (April-Feb) 2007-08 2008-09(P) 2007-08(P) 2008-09(P) 1. Europe 1,33,151 1,65,925 1,75,335 2,23,813 1.1 EU countries 27 1,23,219 1,55,266 1,27,315 1,61,593 1.2 Other WE countries 9,553 10,123 47,881 62,115 1.3 East Europe 379 536 138 106 2. Africa 38,062 44,922 51,519 60,151 2.1 Southern Africa 13,058 12,393 17,868 29,377 2.2 West Africa 12,851 13,204 35,614 48,514 2.3 Central Africa 934 1,372 189 632 2.4 East Africa 15,126 18,687 1,158 1,158 3. America 98,900 1,14,966 79,780 1,21,381 3.1 North America 79,880 89,476 56,281 80,825 3.2 Latin America 10,019 45,490 23,498 40,556 4. Asia and Asean 2,96,287 3,57,982 5,43,551 7,39,622 4.1 East Asia 5,070 6,719 30,783 40,230 4.2 ASEAN 56,663 75,357 82,289 1,06,418 4.3 WANA 1,08,920 1,44,039 2,58,645 3,56,716 4.4 NE Asia 92,974 96,846 1,64,030 2,28,746 4.5 South Asia 32,659 35,020 7,805 7,513 5. CIS Baltics 6,101 7,623 14,238 28,793 5.1 cars Countries 826 1,047 419 1,157 5.2 Other CIS Countries 5,275 6,577 13,818 27,636 6. Unspecified Region 1,482 4,346 2,666 4,710 Total 5,77,889 6,96,498 8,70,399 11,98,360 EXPORT CREDITS EXIM LINES OF CREDIT (LOC) The main role of Exim bank in foreign trade is to give credit facilities. Exim Bank extends Lines of Credit (LOC) to overseas financial institutions, regional development banks, sovereign governments and other entities overseas, to enable buyers in those countries, to import goods and services from India on deferred credit terms. The Indian exporters can obtain payment of eligible value from Exim Bank, without recourse to them, against negotiation of shipping documents. LOC is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Exim Bank extends LOC, on its own, as well as, at the behest of Government of India. Exim Bank offers the following Export Credit facilities, which can be availed of by Indian companies, commercial banks and overseas entities: For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas for commercial Banks Other Facilities for Indian Companies For Overseas Entities For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas Pre-shipment credit Exim Banks Pre-shipment Credit facility, in Indian Rupees and foreign currency, provides access to finance at the manufacturing stage enabling exporters to purchase raw materials and other inputs. Suppliers Credit This facility enables Indian exporters to extend term credit to importers (overseas) of eligible goods at the post-shipment stage. For Project Exporters Indian project exporters incur Rupee expenditure while executing overseas project export contracts i.e. Costs of mobilization/acquisition of materials, personnel and equipment etc. Exim Banks facility helps them meet these expenses. For Exporters of Consultancy and Technological Services Exim Bank offers a special credit facility to Indian exporters of consultancy and technology services, so that they can, in turn, extend term credit to overseas importers Guarantee Facilities Indian companies can avail of these to furnish requisite guarantees to facilitate execution of export contracts and import transactions. How does it work? Exim Bank signs LOC Agreement with overseas Borrower Institution (Borrower) and announces the availability of LOC for utilization, when the Agreement becomes effective. Exporter checks with Exim Bank, available amount under the LOC and quantum of service fee payable to Exim Bank, if any, and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer approaches the Borrower for approval of the contract. Borrower appraises the proposal. If satisfied, approves the contract and refers to Exim Bank for concurrence for inclusion of contract for being financed under the LOC. Exim Bank accords approval to the contract, if in conformity with the terms of LOC. Exim Bank conveys contract approval to the exporter and the Borrower. The Importer arranges remittance of advance payment to the Exporter and also opening of a Letter of Credit, which states that the contract is covered under Exim Banks LOC to the Borrower and reimbursement will be by Exim Bank for the Eligible Value of Credit, upon compliance with stipulated conditions therein. Exporter executes the contract/ships the goods/provides services. Exim Bank/commercial bank in India, designated as the Negotiating Bank negotiates shipping documents and pays the exporter. Exim Bank reimburses the Negotiating Bank, on receipt of valid claim and service fee, as applicable, by debit to the LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays Exim Bank on due dates. Exim Bank signs agreement with Borrower and announces when effective. Exporter checks procedures and service fee payable, if any, with Exim Bank and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer consults Borrower and signs contract with exporter. Borrower approves contract. Exim Bank approves contract and advises Borrower and also exporter and his negotiating bank, in India. Importer establishes L/C in favor of Exporter. Exporter ships goods. Exim Bank/commercial bank negotiates shipping documents and pays exporter. EXIM Bank reimburses commercial bank on receipt of claim and debits LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays EXIM Bank on due dates. Lending Programme for Export Oriented Units To create and enhance export capabilities of Indian companies.it provide them Term loans in Indian rupees/ foreign currency, Deferred Payment Guarantee for import of capital goods. And in place of that they charged minimum Banks lending rate and 1% of loan amount payable upfront as service charged they provide this facility to following eligible company: Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation /diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of minimum 10% or sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower Lending Programme for Overseas Joint Ventures/Wholly Owned Subsidiaries by Indian Companies- To finance by way of equity loan to Indian companies for setting up of overseas joint ventures/ wholly owned subsidiaries Eligible Companies Any Indian promoter making equity investment in an existing company or a new project overseas with the requisite approval for such investment from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)/Government of India as also from the government and other concerned authorities in the host country The total value of the investment by the Indian company does not exceed US $ 15 million in respect of Indian investment in SAARC countries and Myanmar total value of investment does not exceed US $ 30 million; and in respect of Indian Rupee investment in Nepal and Bhutan, total value of investment does not exceed Rs.120 crores The amount of investment is up to 25% of annual average export earnings of the company in the preceding three years The amount of investment is repatriated in fully by way of dividends, royalty, technical service fees, etc. Within a period of five years. Refinance to Commercial Banks Exim Bank provides 100% refinance to commercial banks in respect of rupee term loans extended by them to Indian Promoter Company for equity contribution in overseas JV/WOS. As per prevailing RBI guidelines, commercial banks can consider loan for equity investment only under Exim Banks Refinance scheme. Equity Investment in Indian Ventures Abroad To catalyze overseas investment by Indian companies to enhance visibility of Indian overseas ventures. Quantum of Exim Banks equity participation Upton 25% of equity capital of the jvs involving Indian foreign companies Upton 50% of equity capital in case of wholly owned subsidiaries of Indian companies Subject to a ceiling of US $ 5 MN per proposal and remove subject to RBI Investment Criteria While considering equity investment with Indian companies business in India, weightage will be giving to the following: Background and track record of Indian and foreign promoters Synergy of overseas operations with business in India Financial viability and technical feasibility Return on Exims investment Benefits to India in terms of trade enhancement, technology transfer, and foreign exchange earnings etc. Spin off benefits such as brand marketing and penetration of new markets will also be considered Asian Countries Investment Partners Programme (ACIP) To promote joint ventures in India between Indian companies companies from Asian countries through four facilities that address different stages of the project cycle. ACIP seeks to catalyze investment flows into India by creation of Joint Ventures in India between Indian companies and companies from East Asian countries. ACIP is proposed to be a funding instrument providing finance at various stages of a Joint Venture project cycle viz. Sector study, project identification, feasibility study, prototype development, setting up project and technical, managerial assistance. Export Marketing Finance Programme To create and enhance export capabilities and international competitiveness of Indian companies. Under the lending programme for Export Marketing Finance, the Bank addresses the term finance requirements for a structural and strategic export marketing and development effort of Indian companies Eligible Companies Company who have a strategic international marketing plan. Company should have established presence in the domestic market Company should have satisfactory financials. Interest Rates Rupee Term Loans Linked to Exim Banks Minimum Lending Rate Foreign Currency Term Loans At floating or fixed interest rates Additionally interest tax is applicable will be payable Service Fee 1% of loan amount sanctioned, payable upfront non-refundable Export Product Development Programme To support systematic export product development plans with focus on industrialized markets Eligible Companies Established exporting enterprises with product development programme dedicated to export The company must also have an established track record and satisfactory financials Programme for Financing Export Vendor Development (EVD) Objective To finance export strategic vendor development plans for export companies with a view to enhancing exports through creation, strengthening of backward linkages with vendors. Eligible Companies Export companies and Trading Houses Manufacturer-exporters with satisfactory track record and financials ,li> Companies with strategic plan for vendor development for exports are eligible to seek finance under this programme Companies purchasing from vendors finished, semi-finished or intermediate products with the exporter adding value to the product in the form of further processing or marketing them Interest Rate Interest Rate linked to Banks Minimum Lending Rate Soft loan at 7.5% p.a. (subject to change) subject to maximum of Rs.50 lakhs Repayment Period Upton 7 years Programme for Export Facilitation Exim Bank offers term finance and non-funded facilities to Indian corporates to create infrastructure facilities to facilitate Indias international trade thereby enhance their export capability. Foreign Currency Pre-Shipment Credit (FCPC) Under this programme, short-term foreign currency finance is available to eligible exporters for financing inputs for export production such as raw materials, components and consumables. The finance is repayable in foreign currency from proceeds of the relative exports. FCPC programme represents another funding source to the exporter for expanding export volumes, particularly of manufactured and value added goods. It eliminates two-way exchange conversion costs and exchange risk, thus enhancing export competitiveness. FCPC can be a cost effective funding source as compared to rupee export credit as well as overseas suppliers credit depending on market conditions for loans under FCPC. As far as commercial banks are concerned, loans availed of from Exim Bank are exempt from Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio and Incremental Credit-Deposit Ratio requirements. Eligible Borrowers Exporting companies Commercial Banks for on lending to exporting customers Working Capital Term Loan Programme for Export Oriented Units (WCTL) WCTL programme seeks to create, enhance export capabilities of Indian companies. Under the Programme, the Bank addresses the working capital (loan component) requirements of export oriented units. Eligible Companies Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation/diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of 10% of sales or export sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower. Bulk Import Finance Programme (BIF) In this service they provide short term working capital finance to manufacturing companies to excess consumable inputs. Under the programme, BIF is offered for import of eligible items with a minimum order size of Rs.1 crores .And they provided the Short term loans in Indian Rupees and/or Foreign currency. Programme for Financing Research Development To provide integrated financing for Research Development activities by export oriented companies Exim Banks finance available to Financially sound companies with a minimum export orientation of 20% of their net sales for the following eligible activities and eligible expenditure. Eligible RD Activities Eligible RD Expenditure Development and commercialization of new product / process / application. Significant improvements in existing product / process / application/ design. Development of technology or design to satisfy domestic or international environment, technical requirements/ standards, specifications. Setting up, expansion of pilot plants. FINANCE FOR EXPORT ORIENTED UNITS Term Finance Project Finance Equipment Finance Import of Technology Related Services Domestic Acquisitions of businesses/companies/brands Export Product Development/ Research Development General Corporate Finance Working Capital Finance (For Exporting Companies) Funded Working Capital Term Loans [ Long Term Working Capital [up to 5 years] Export Bills Discounting Export Packing Credit Cash Flow financing Non-Funded Letter of Credit Limits Guarantee Limits Export Finance Pre-shipment Credit Post Shipment Credit Buyers Credit Suppliers Credit [including deferred payment credit] Bills Discounting Export Receivables Financing Warehousing Finance Export Lines of Credit (Non-recourse finance) Data analysis As we know that Indias total external trade (exports plus imports including re-exports) in the year 1990-91 stood at Rs. 91,893 crore. Since then, this has witnessed continuous increase with occasional downturns. During 2008-09 the value of Indias external trade reached Rs. 20, 72,438 crore. A statement indicating Indias total export, import, total value of foreign trade and balance of trade from the year 1991-92 to 2008-09, in rupee terms, is given in table above. Indias exports during 2008-09 reached a level of Rs. 7, 66,935 crore registering a growth of 16.9 per cent. In US $ terms, exports reached a level of US$168.7 billion, registering a growth of 3.5 per cent as compared to a growth of 29.1 per cent during the previous year. The growth of exports during the year has exhibited a significant slow-down from September 2008 onwards. While, during the first half of the year 2008-09, April-September, exports increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except marine products, handicrafts and carpets, recording significant growth. In the second half of the year 2008-09, October-March, exports recorded a decline of (-) 19.2 per cent with almost all the commodity groups recording significant negative growth. During 2008-09 imports increased to Rs. 13,05,503 from the level of Rs. 10,12,312 crore in 2007-08 registering growth of 29.0 per cent in rupee terms. In US $ terms, imports reached a level of US $ 287.8 billion in 2008-09 registering a growth of 14.4 per cent. Oil imports were valued at US $ 93.2 billion, which was higher by 16.9 per cent over the previous year. Non-Oil imports increased to US $ 194.6 billion, which was higher by 13.2 per cent. Items which registered significant growth are Pearl, Precious Semi-Precious Stones, Crude Manufactured Fertilizer, Coal, Inorganic Chemicals, Project Goods, etc. Import of Gold and Transport Equipment registered significant decline. The Trade deficit during 2008-09 increased to Rs. (-) 538568 crore as against Rs. (-) 356449 crore during 2007-08. In US $ terms, trade deficit increased to US 119.1 billion from a level of US 88.5 billion during 2007-08. India has trading relations with all the major trading blocks and geographical regions of the world. Region and sub region-wide spread of Indias during 2007-08 and 2008-09 as per data available up to 2008-09 (April-February) is given in table 7.2. During the period 2008-09 (April-February), the share of Asia and ASEAN region comprising South Asia, East Asia, and Mid-Eastern and Gulf countries accounted for 51.4 per cent of Indias total exports. The share of Europe and America in Indias exports stood at 23.8 per cent and 16.5 per cent respectively of which EU countries (27) comprises 22.3 per cent. During the period, USA (12.0 per cent), has been the most important country of export destination following by United Arab Emirates (10.8 per cent), China (5.1 per cent), Singapore (4.7 per cent), Netherlands (3.7 per cent), Hong Kong (3.7 per cent), U.K. (3.6 per cent), Germany (3.4 per cent), Saudi Arabia (3.0 per cent), Belgium (2.6 per cent) and Italy (2.2 per cent). Asia and ASEAN accounted for 61.7 per cent of Indias total imports during the period followed by Europe (18.7 per cent) and America (10.1 per cent). Among individual countries the share of China stood highest at (10.7 per cent) followed by Saudi Arabia (7.1 per cent), UAE (6.4 per cent) and USA (6.0 per cent), Iran (4.3 percent), Switzerland (4.2 per cent), Germany (3.6 per cent), Kuwait (3.4 per cent), Nigeria (3.2 per cent), and Iraq (2.8 per cent) Conclusion As we describe above the various functions and role of the Exim Bank. Than we can say that it handles a variety of financing programs for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment

Essay --

Colin Stremlau Arntz English 9th 3rd period December 17, 2013 Abortion – Why It’s Wrong â€Å"The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her own child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me? There is nothing in between.† -Mother Teresa Have you ever realized how precious life is? Have you ever wondered what it would be like if you were never born? Some babies don't get to experience life because of abortion. Abortion isn't an ethical way for abandoning a baby nor is it fair to our community, its killing innocent people. Several babies have died from abortion and more will continue to do so because people support the pro-choice movement. Pro-choice isn't ethical because it's against religion, morality, and can be emotionally damaging. Abortion doesn't benefit the baby or the woman. Some people believe that life starts after birth, but it doesn't. All unborn babies are people; we must realize this and stop murdering defenseless babies. Abortion is a selfish act and it occurs very often. There are other solutions and it's ver...